Association of inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers with mortality in patients aged 60 years or older and hospitalized with COVID-19 / Associação entre biomarcadores inflamatórios e da coagulação com mortalidade em pacientes com 60 anos de idade ou mais hospitalizados com COVID-19

Objectives: To analyze the association of inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers with mortality in geriatric patients with COVID-19. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of 206 patients aged 60 years or older who were hospitalized with COVID-19 at an intensive care unit. The analyzed variables were age, sex, length of hospital stay, and inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, procalcitonin, fibrinogen, ferritin, and d-dimer). We constructed a receiver operating characteristic curve and analyzed the area under the curve to evaluate the accuracy of biomarkers associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19. Results: Mean age was 72 (± 8) years. There were 101 deaths (49% of the total sample), which were significantly more frequent (p = 0.006) in the older age groups and were distributed as follows: 37.50% (60 ­ 69 years old); 50% (70 ­ 79 years old); 67.50% (80 ­ 89 years old); and 75% (over 90 years old). Mortality was associated with increased serum levels of procalcitonin, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, C-reactive protein, and d-dimer, and decreased fibrinogen levels. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio occupied the largest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (area under the curve 0.859) in this group. Conclusions: In this study, inflammatory biomarkers neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and d-dimer were associated with mortality in older patients with COVID-19 hospitalized at an intensive care unit, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio presented the best accuracy.

Objetivos: Analisar associação de biomarcadores inflamatórios e da coagulação com mortalidade em pacientes geriátricos com COVID-19. Metodologia: Estudo do tipo coorte retrospectiva de 206 pacientes com 60 anos de idade ou mais internados em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) com COVID-19. As variáveis analisadas foram idade, sexo, tempo de permanência hospitalar e biomarcadores inflamatórios, sendo esses proteína C reativa (PCR), relação neutrófilo-linfócitos (RNL), procalcitonina, fibrinogênio, ferritina e D-dímero. Empregou-se a curva ROC, com análise da área sob a curva (ACR), para avaliar a acurácia dos biomarcadores associados à mortalidade nos pacientes com COVID-19. Resultados: A média de idade foi de 72 (± 8) anos. Ocorreram 101 óbitos (49,02% da amostra total), significativamente mais frequente (p = 0,006) nas faixas etárias mais elevadas, distribuídos por faixa etária: 37,50% (60 ­ 69 anos); 50% (70 ­ 79 anos); 67,50% (80 ­ 89 anos); e 75% (nos maiores de 90 anos). A mortalidade foi associada a aumento dos níveis séricos dos biomarcadores procalcitonina, relação neutrófiloslinfócitos (RNL), proteína C reativa (PCR) e D-dímero, bem como diminuição dos níveis de fibrinogênio. A RNL ocupou a maior área sob a curva ROC (ACR 0,859) nesse grupo. Conclusões: Neste estudo, os biomarcadores inflamatórios RNL, procalcitonina, PCR e D-dímero foram associados com mortalidade em pacientes idosos portadores de COVID-19 internados em UTI, e a RNL foi a que apresentou a melhor acurácia.

Relación entre el consumo materno de carne vacuna durante el embarazo y los niveles de ferritina en el cordón umbilical / Relationship between maternal beef consumption during pregnancy and umbilical cord ferritin concentration / Relação entre o consumo materno de carne bovina durante a gravidez e os níveis de ferritina no cordão umbilical

Antecedentes: la nutrición durante el embarazo impacta en la salud del recién nacido, con efectos a nivel epigenético determinando consecuencias neurológicas a largo plazo. Las necesidades de hierro durante el embarazo se estiman en 27 mg/día. El hierro hemo que se absorbe mejor se encuentra en la carne. La determinación de ferritina en sangre de cordón umbilical permite evaluar los depósitos de hierro alcanzados durante la etapa fetal. Sus niveles se asociaron con efectos a largo plazo sobre el desarrollo infantil. Objetivos: el objetivo de este estudio de carácter exploratorio es determinar la relación entre el consumo de carnes rojas durante el tercer trimestre de gestación y el nivel de ferritina en el cordón umbilical. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo con datos recolectados prospectivamente durante un año en el Departamento de Neonatología del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (CHPR) en Montevideo, Uruguay. Un total de 188 pacientes cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Se extrajo sangre del cordón umbilical después de un pinzamiento estricto del cordón pasado un minuto de vida. La ferritina se midió utilizando el método de quimioinmunofluorescencia. Se aplicó una encuesta nutricional materna (cualitativo-cuantitativa) que midió la frecuencia de consumo de alimentos con fuente de hierro y las cantidades aproximadas consumidas durante el último trimestre del embarazo. Esta encuesta se centró en el consumo materno de carne vacuna como principal fuente de hierro hemínico en Uruguay. Se analizó la relación entre estas variables. Resultados: el déficit latente de hierro (ferritina en el cordón umbilical <100 ng/ml) se asoció con un menor consumo de carne vacuna durante el embarazo. Valor p de Fisher: 0,0133, OR: 3,71, IC del 95% (1,25-11,05). Conclusiones: este estudio considera adecuada la evidencia que relaciona que los niveles bajos de consumo total de hierro y de carne vacuna durante el tercer trimestre de gestación determinarán un mayor riesgo de déficit latente de hierro y de ferritina medido en el cordón umbilical. Los niveles descendidos de ferritina en cordón umbilical se asocian con un mayor riesgo de efectos adversos a largo plazo sobre la mielinización y el desarrollo neurocognitivo.

Background: nutrition during pregnancy impacts the foetus and the newborn health, it has consequences at the epigenetic level and determines long-term neurological consequences. Iron requirements during pregnancy are estimated at 27 mg/day. Iron is blood absorption from is most efficient from beef. Umbilical cord blood ferritin levels can be used to assess iron deposits reached during the foetal stage. Ferritin levels are linked to the child's long-term development. Objective: this exploratory study's objective is to determine the relationship between beef consumption during the first quarter of pregnancy and ferritin levels in the umbilical cord. Methods: we carried out a descriptive, observational study with prospectively collected data for one-year at the Neonatology Department of the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center (CHPR) in Montevideo, Uruguay. A total of 188 patients met the inclusion criteria. We extracted umbilical cord blood after a strict cord clamping after one minute of life. Ferritin was measured using the chemoimmunofluorescence method. We carried out a maternal nutritional survey using a qualitative-quantitative method and measured the frequency and approximate quantity of iron source food consumption during the last quarter of pregnancy. This survey was focused on maternal beef consumption as the major heme iron source in Uruguay. We analyzed the relationship between these variables. Results: latent iron deficiency (ferritin in the umbilical cord <100 ng / ml) was associated with lower beef consumption during pregnancy. Fisher p-value: 0.0133, OR: 3.71, 95% CI (1.25 - 11.05). Conclusions: this study agrees with the evidence that shows that low levels of total iron and beef consumption during pregnancy determine an increased risk of latent iron deficiency and lower levels of ferritin in newborns, and therefore, greater risk of long-term adverse effects on myelination and neurocognitive development.

Contexto: a nutrição durante a gravidez tem impacto sobre a saúde do recém-nascido, com efeitos no nível epigenético, determinando consequências neurológicas a longo prazo. As necessidades de ferro durante a gravidez são estimadas em 27 mg / dia. O ferro heme de melhor absorção e aquele encontrado na carne vacuna. A determinação da ferritina no sangue do cordão umbilical permite avaliar os depósitos de ferro atingidos na fase fetal. Seus níveis foram associados a efeitos de longo prazo no desenvolvimento das crianças. Objetivos: o objetivo deste estudo exploratório é determinar a relação entre o consumo de carne vermelha durante o terceiro trimestre de gestação e o nível de ferritina no cordão umbilical. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo observacional descritivo com dados coletados prospectivamente durante um ano no Departamento de Neonatologia do Centro Hospitalar Pereira Rossell (CHPR) em Montevidéu, Uruguai. Um total de 188 pacientes cumpriram os critérios de inclusão. O sangue do cordão umbilical foi coletado após clampeamento estrito do cordão após um minuto de vida da criança. A ferritina foi medida pelo método de quimioimunofluorescência. Aplicamos um inquérito nutricional materno (qualitativo-quantitativo) que mediu a frequência de consumo de alimentos com fonte de ferro e as quantidades aproximadas consumidas durante o último trimestre da gravidez. Esta pesquisa enfocou o consumo materno de carne bovina como principal fonte de ferro heme no Uruguai. A relação entre essas variáveis foi analisada. Resultados: a deficiência latente de ferro (ferritina no cordão umbilical <100 mg / ml) foi associada ao menor consumo de carne bovina durante a gestação. Valor de p de Fisher: 0,0133, OR: 3,71, IC 95% (1,25-11,05). Conclusões: este estudo concorda com as evidências que relacionam que os baixos níveis de ferro total e consumo de carne bovina durante o terceiro trimestre de gestação determinam um maior risco de déficit de ferro latente e ferritina mensurado no cordão umbilical. A redução dos níveis de ferritina no cordão umbilical está associada a um risco aumentado de efeitos adversos de longo prazo na mielinização e no desenvolvimento neurocognitivo.

Serum Ferritin and the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Cross-sectional Studies / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#This study aims to assess the dose-response relationship between serum ferritin (SF) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the two sexes.@*Methods@#We searched for articles on PubMed, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and the Web of Science databases that were published from 1950 to 2020. The summary odds ratio ( @*Results@#This study included 14 studies and 74,710 samples. The results of the classical meta-analysis showed that SF was positively associated with MetS ( @*Conclusions@#Our study shows that SF is significantly and positively associated with MetS, and the risk in the male population is higher than that in the female population. This finding also supports the recommendation of using SF as an early warning marker of MetS.

Utilidad clínica del equivalente de hemoglobina reticulocitaria en niños en hemodiálisis / Clinical usefulness of the reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent in children on hemodialysis

Introducción. La anemia por deficiencia de hierro en hemodiálisis es frecuente. Para su detección se utiliza la ferritina sérica y la saturación de transferrina (ST). El equivalente de hemoglobina reticulocitaria (RET-He) es un análisis que no se modifica en estados inflamatorios y refleja directamente el hierro disponible en médula ósea.Objetivo. Explorar la capacidad diagnóstica de deficiencia absoluta de hierro del RET-He y evaluar su correlación con marcadores tradicionales de ferropenia.Población y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo que comparó RET-He con ferritina y ST en niños en hemodiálisis atendidos en el Hospital Garrahan entre julio de 2016 y julio de 2019. Resultados. En 164 observaciones realizadas en 40 niños, se encontró correlación positiva débil entre hemoglobina y RET-He (r 0,35, p < 0,001), positiva significativa entre ST y RET-He (r 0,52, p < 0,001), negativa baja entre hemoglobina y ferritina (r -0,19, p 0,02) y ausencia de correlación entre hemoglobina y ST (r 0,05, p 0,5). El 50 % presentaba anemia; la ferropénica fue por marcadores tradicionales en el 13 % y por RET-He en el 44 %. El RET-He mostró sensibilidad del 90,9 % (IC 95: 57,1-99,5 %), especificidad del 74,5 % (IC 95: 66,7-81 %), valor predictivo negativo del 99,1 % (IC 95: 94,5-99,9 %) y positivo del 20,4 % (IC 95: 10,7-34,7 %) para detectar anemia ferropénica con valor de corte de 29 picogramos.Conclusiones. Pese a su capacidad limitada, el RET-He como biomarcador de deficiencia de hierro aumenta la detección de anemia ferropénica en niños en hemodiálisis

Introduction. Iron-deficiency anemia is common in hemodialysis patients. Serum ferritin and transferrin saturation (TS) are used for its detection. The reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (RET-He) is a marker that is not altered by inflammatory conditions and directly reflects iron availability in the bone marrow.Objective. To explore the diagnostic capability of RET-He to detect absolute iron deficiency and assess its correlation with traditional markers of iron deficiency.Population and methods. Retrospective study comparing RET-He with ferritin and TS in children on hemodialysis seen at Hospital Garrahan between July 2016 and July 2019.Results. In 164 observations carried out in 40 children, a weak positive correlation was found between hemoglobin and RET-He (r = 0.35, p < 0.001), a significant positive correlation between TS and RET-He (r = 0.52, p < 0.001), a low negative correlation between hemoglobin and ferritin (r = -0.19, p = 0.02), and a lack of correlation between hemoglobin and TS (r = 0.05, p = 0.5). Anemia was observed in 50 %; iron-deficiency anemia was detected by traditional markers in 13 % and by RET-He in 44 %. RET-He showed a sensitivity of 90.9 % (95 % CI: 57.1-99.5 %), a specificity of 74.5 % (95 % CI: 66.7-81 %), a negative predictive value of 99.1 % (95 % CI: 94.5-99.9 %), and a positive predictive value of 20.4 % (95 % CI: 10.7-34.7 %) to detect iron-deficiency anemia with a cut-off value of 29 pg.Conclusions. Despite its limited capability, the use of RET-He as a biomarker of iron deficiency increases the detection of iron-deficiency anemia in children on hemodialysis.

Infusion of convalescent plasma is associated with clinical improvement in critically ill patients with Covid-19: a pilot study

ABSTRACT Background: The ideal treatment of coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 has yet to be defined, but convalescent plasma (CoPla) has been successfully employed. Objective: The objective of the study was to study the safety and outcomes of the administration of CoPla to individuals with severe COVID-19 in an academic medical center. Methods: Ten patients were prospectively treated with plasma from COVID-19 convalescent donors. Results: Over 8 days, the sequential organ failure assessment score dropped significantly in all patients, from 3 to 1.5 (p = 0.014); the Kirby index (PaO2/FiO2) score increased from 124 to 255, (p < 0.0001), body temperature decreased significantly from 38.1 to 36.9°C (p = 0.0058), and ferritin levels also dropped significantly from 1736.6 to 1061.8 ng/ml (p = 0.0001). Chest X-rays improved in 7/10 cases and in 6/10, computerized tomography scans also revealed improvement of the lung injury. Decreases in C-reactive protein and D-dimer levels were also observed. Three of five patients on mechanical ventilation support could be extubated, nine were transferred to conventional hospital floors, and six were sent home; two patients died. The administration of CoPla had no side effects and the 24-day overall survival was 77%. Conclusions: Although other treatments were also administered to the patients and as a result data are difficult to interpret, it seems that the addition of CoPla improved pulmonary function.

Serum ferritin levels is associated with acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis

SUMMARY BACKGROUND An association between increased serum ferritin levels and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains controversial. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to confirm the association between increased serum ferritin levels and AMI. METHODS We searched PubMed and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) for relevant articles that assessed the association between serum ferritin and acute myocardial infarction using terms that included serum ferritin and acute myocardial infarction up to February 13, 2019. RESULTS A total of 11 studies were identified for analysis. All pooled analysis was based on a random-effects models. The variance was exhibited using a forest plot, and the heterogeneity among studies was examined using the I2 index, the publication bias was evaluated using a funnel plot. The pooled standard mean difference of ferritin levels between AMI and controls was 0.78 (95%CI,0.68-0.88). CONCLUSION The results of this meta-analysis demonstrate that serum ferritin in acute myocardial infarction patients is higher than that of healthy controls.

RESUMO ANTECEDENTES a correlação entre o aumento do nível de proteínas de ferro no soro e o infarto agudo do miocárdio (AMI) continua controversa. O objetivo desta análise é confirmar a relação entre o aumento dos níveis de proteínas de ferro no soro y o AMI. METODOLOGIA busca de artigos sobre Pubmed e a infraestrutura nacional de conhecimentos da China (cnki) para avaliar a relação entre a proteína de ferro no soro e o infarto agudo do miocárdio, incluída a proteína de ferro no soro e o infarto agudo de miocárdio, até 13 de fevereiro de 2019. RESULTADO foram identificados 11 estudos para sua analise e todas as análises resumidas tiveram base em modelos de efeitos aleatórios. Foram utilizados mapas florestais para mostrar as margens, foi utilizado o índice 12 para examinar a heterogeneidade dos estudos e foram utilizados mapas de funil para avaliar os desvios publicados.A diferença entre a norma de fusão dos níveis de proteína de ferro do Grupo ami e o Grupo de controle é de 0,78 (intervalo de confiança de 95% 0,68-0,88). CONCLUSÃO nos resultados das análises da meta indicam que os pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio têm proteínas de ferro superiores às do Grupo de controle de saúde.

Outpatient analytic assessment of anorexia nervosa — the importance of venous blood gases / Avaliação laboratorial em ambulatório na anorexia nervosa: a importância da gasometria venosa

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate serum biochemical parameters' evolution, especially venous blood gas (VBG), in anorexia nervosa (AN), correlating with clinical parameters. Methods: Retrospective study including out-patient AN adolescents, between January 2014 and May 2017. Three evaluations were compared: t1) first consultation; t2) consultation with the lowest body mass index (BMI) z-score and t3) with the highest BMI z-score. Results: A total of 24 adolescents (87.5% females) were included, mean age of presentation of 14.9±1.7 years, onset of symptoms 6.4±3.2 months before the first visit. In t1, BMI z-score of -1.91±1.11 kg/m2 and ideal weight % of 84.3±9.2. Amenorrhea was present in 88%. In t2 the analytical alterations were: altered VBG in 100%, altered ferritin (72% elevated), altered thyroid function (53% with thyroxine decrease), dyslipidemia (31% elevation of high density lipoprotein, 25% hypercholesterolemia), elevation of urea (25%), elevation of alanine aminotransferase (14%), hypoglycemia (14%), anemia (9%). Respiratory acidosis was present in 91% in t1, 100% in t2 and 94% in t3. There was a significant decrease between t2 and t3 in mean pCO2 (57.2 versus 53.6 mmHg; p=0.009) and mean HCO3 (30.0 versus 28.8 mEq/L; p=0.023). Conclusions: Respiratory acidosis and increased ferritin were common in this group. Respiratory acidosis was the most frequent abnormality with significant pCO2 and HCO3 variation in the recovery phase. VBG should be considered in AN evaluation, once it seems to be important in assessing the severity of the disease and its subsequent follow-up.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a evolução laboratorial, particularmente da gasometria venosa, na anorexia nervosa (AN), correlacionando os achados com parâmetros clínicos. Métodos: Estudo retrospetivo com adolescentes com AN seguidos em ambulatório, entre janeiro de 2014 e maio de 2017. Foram comparadas três avaliações: (t1) primeira consulta; (t2) consulta com escore Z de índice de massa corpórea (IMC) mais baixo; e (t3) consulta com escore Z de IMC mais elevado. Resultados: Incluídos 24 adolescentes, 87,5% do sexo feminino, idade média de apresentação de 14,9±1,7 anos, início dos sintomas 6,4±3,2 meses antes da primeira consulta. Em t1, escore Z de IMC de -1,91±1,11 kg/m2 e % de peso ideal de 84,3±9,2. Tinham amenorreia 88%. Em t2 as alterações laboratoriais encontradas foram: gasometria venosa alterada em 100%, ferritina alterada (72% elevada), função tiroideia alterada (53% com diminuição da tiroxina), dislipidemia (31% com elevação de lipoproteína de alta densidade, 25% com hipercolesterolemia), elevação da ureia (25%), elevação da alanina aminotransferase (14%), hipoglicemia (14%) e anemia (9%). A acidose respiratória esteve presente em 91% em t1, 100% em t2 e 94% em t3. Verificou-se diminuição significativa entre t2 e t3 da pressão parcial de CO2 (pCO2) média (57,2 versus 53,6 mmHg; p=0,009) e HCO3 médio (30,0 versus 28,8 mEq/L; p=0,023). Conclusões: A acidose respiratória e o aumento da ferritina foram comuns nesse grupo. Acidose respiratória foi a alteração mais frequente, com variação significativa de pCO2 e HCO3 na fase de recuperação. A gasometria venosa deve ser considerada na avaliação laboratorial na AN, pois parece ser importante na avaliação da gravidade e monitorização da doença.

Impacto nutricional da cirurgia bariátrica: estudo comparativo do Bypass gástrico em Y de Roux e do Sleeve entre pacientes dos sistemas público e privado de saúde / Nutritional impact of bariatric surgery: a comparative study of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Sleeve gastrectomy between patients from the public and private health systems

RESUMO Objetivos: Comparar a evolução do perfil nutricional de pacientes submetidos ao bypass gástrico em Y de Roux (BGYR) e ao Sleeve, em hospitais dos setores público e privado da Saúde de Pernambuco. Método: O estudo incluiu pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica nos setores público e privado de saúde de Pernambuco no período de 2008 a 2016. Foram avaliados dados antropométricos e bioquímicos (Hemoglobina, Vitamina B12, Ferro e Ferritina) no período pré-operatório e com 3, 6 e 12 meses de pós-operatório. Resultados: Não foram registradas diferenças significativas entre os pacientes internados nos dois setores da Saúde no tocante às variáveis: níveis hemoglobina, anemia por deficiência de ferro e vitamina B12 em nenhuma das avaliações e conforme o tipo de cirurgia. Entre os pacientes submetidos ao BGYR, os níveis de ferro sérico foram significativamente menores nos pacientes do setor privado da Saúde apenas na primeira avaliação. Baixos níveis de ferritina sérica foram observados na segunda avaliação, sendo os pacientes do setor privado os que apresentaram menores valores. O sucesso cirúrgico foi significativamente maior no grupo que realizou o BGYR na rede privada. Conclusões: Com um seguimento de 12 meses pós-cirurgia bariátrica, não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante no que diz respeito às deficiências de micronutrientes entre pacientes usuários dos setores público e privado de Saúde.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare the nutritional status follow up of patients who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (BGYR) and Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) in hospitals of the private and public health systems, in Pernambuco. Methods: This study included patients who underwent bariatric surgery in the public and private health systems, in Pernambuco, from 2008 to 2016. Anthropometric and biochemical (hemoglobin, B12, iron and ferritin) data were evaluated in the preoperative period and at 3, 6 and 12 months after the operation. Results: There were no significant difference between patients seen at the two health systems regarding the levels of hemoglobin, iron, anemia and vitamin B12. Patients who underwent the RYGB, presented with iron deficiency which was significantly lower for those in the private system, but only at the 3 month evaluation. Low levels of ferritin were observed at the 6 month evaluation, and patients in the private health system presented with the highest ferritin deficiency. The rate of surgical success was significantly higher in those patients undergoing the RYGB at the private system. Conclusions: After a 12-month bariatric surgery follow-up, there was no statistically significant difference regarding micronutrient deficiency between patients followed up at the private and public health systems.

Clinical and microbiological effects of dialyzers reuse in hemodialysis patients / Efeitos clínicos e microbiológicos do reúso de dialisadores em pacientes em hemodiálise

Abstract Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has a high prevalence and is a worldwide public health problem. Reuse of dialyzers is a cost reduction strategy used in many countries. There is controversy over its effects on clinical parameters and microbiological safety. Methods: In this clinical crossover study, 10 patients performed consecutive hemodialysis (HD) sessions divided in two phases: "single use" sessions (N = 10 HD sessions) followed by "dialyzer reuse" sessions (N = 30 HD sessions). Clinical, laboratory, and microbiological parameters were collected in the following time points: "single use", 1st, 6th, and 12th sessions with reuse of dialyzers, including bacterial cultures, endotoxins quantification in serum and dialyzer blood chamber, and detection of hemoglobin and protein residues in dialyzers. Results: Mean age of the sample was 37 ± 16 years, 6 (60%) were men, and 5 (50%) were white. CKD and HD vintage were 169 ± 108 and 47 (23-111) months, respectively. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) [4.9 (2.1) mg/mL], ferritin (454 ± 223 ng/mL), and endotoxin levels [0.76 (0.61-0.91) EU/mL] were high at baseline. Comparison of pre- and post-HD variations of serum levels of CRP and endotoxins in the "single use" versus "reuse" phases did not result in differences (p = 0.8 and 0.4, respectively). Samples of liquid in the dialyzer inner chamber were negative for the growth of bacteria or endotoxins. There was no significant clinical manifestation within and between the phases. Conclusion: Dialyzers reuse was safe from a clinical, microbiological, and inflammatory point of view. The dialyzer performance remained adequate until the 12th reuse.

Resumo Introdução: A doença renal crônica (DRC) é um problema de saúde pública mundial de alta prevalência. O reúso de dialisadores é uma estratégia de redução de custos empregada em muitos países. Seus efeitos sobre parâmetros clínicos e de segurança microbiológica são alvo de controvérsia. Métodos: No presente estudo clínico cruzado, 10 pacientes realizaram sessões consecutivas de hemodiálise (HD) divididas em duas fases: a primeira com sessões de "uso único" (N = 10 sessões de HD) e a segunda com sessões com "reúso de dialisadores" (N = 30 sessões de HD). Parâmetros clínicos, laboratoriais e microbiológicos foram registrados nos seguintes momentos: "uso único", 1a, 6a e 12a sessões com reúso de dialisadores, incluindo culturas bacterianas, quantificação de endotoxinas no soro e na câmara interna do dialisador e detecção de hemoglobina e resíduos de proteína nos dialisadores. Resultados: A idade média da amostra foi de 37 ± 16 anos seis (60%) eram homens e cinco (50%) eram brancos. Os tempos com DRC e em HD foram de 169 ± 108 e 47 (23-111) meses, respectivamente. Os níveis séricos de proteína C-reativa (PCR) [4,9 (2,1) mg/mL], ferritina (454 ± 223 ng/mL) e endotoxinas [0,76 (0,61-0,91) UE/mL] estavam elevados no início do estudo. A diferença dos níveis séricos de PCR e endotoxinas pré e pós-HD nas fases de "uso único" e "reúso" não foi significativa (p = 0,8 e 0,4, respectivamente). As amostras de líquido retiradas da câmara interna do dialisador foram negativas para crescimento de bactérias e endotoxinas. Não houve registro de manifestações clínicas significativas nas fases do estudo. Conclusão: O reúso de dialisadores foi seguro dos pontos de vista clínico, microbiológico e inflamatório. O desempenho do dialisador permaneceu adequado até o 12º reuso.

Tendências temporais da prevalência de Helicobacter pylori em Itajaí - SC: um estudo retrospectivo de 25 anos baseado em banco de dados endoscópicos / Time trends of helicobacter pylori prevalence in itajaí - sc: a retrospective study of 25 years based on endoscopic database

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The bacterium Helicobacter pylori is strongly associated with the development of gastric adenocarcinoma. Currently, the prevalence in developed countries is 40%, but this value increases considerably in developing countries, which can reach rates bigger than 90%. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the mean and annual prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients from Itajaí during the period from July 1992 to April 2016, as well as the gender and age groups most affected. METHODS: After consent of the clinical director of the Gastroclinica Itajaí and confidentiality commitment about the research, the database of the Endoscopy Service of the clinic was evaluated. All the patients who underwent their first upper digestive endoscopy with urease test and/or histological analysis were included. The data were submitted to statistical analysis of prevalence by gender, age group and years of study, with subsequent correction through the confidence interval. RESULTS: The mean prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection thru all years of study was 50.07%. With the calculation of the annual prevalences, it was evident the gradual reduction of infection in the population of Itajaí, that was 81.3% in 1992, declining to 33% in the year of 2016. When classifying the prevalence of infection by gender, it was higher in males (53.59%), and gender distribution by age group showed no statistically significant difference among genders between the ages of 40 and 80 years. In relation to the age group, the highest prevalence was in the group between 40 and 49 years. CONCLUSION: Although this study is retrospective and based on endoscopic database analysis, without access to clinical data of patients such as prior use of proton pump inhibitor and antibiotics to endoscopy, its results are important because they may reflect the current panorama of Helicobacter pylori infection in the city under study, where it has been presenting a gradual reduction of prevalence over the years, with current rates similar to that of developed countries (33%). Future studies are needed to confirm our data.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A bactéria Helicobacter pylori associa-se fortemente ao desenvolvimento do adenocarcinoma gástrico. Atualmente, a prevalência em países desenvolvidos é de 40%, porém esse valor cresce consideravelmente em países em desenvolvimento, que chegam a alcançar taxas de até 90%. OBJETIVO: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar a prevalência média e anual da infecção por Helicobacter pylori nos pacientes de Itajaí durante o período de julho de 1992 a abril de 2016, assim como o sexo e as faixas etárias mais acometidas. MÉTODOS: Após consentimento do diretor técnico da Gastroclínica Itajaí e comprometimento de sigilo em relação à pesquisa, foi avaliada a base de dados do Serviço de Endoscopia da clínica. Foram selecionados todos os pacientes que realizaram pela primeira vez o exame de endoscopia digestiva alta com teste da urease e/ou análise histológica. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística de prevalência por sexo, faixa etária e anos do estudo, com posterior correção dos dados através do intervalo de confiança. RESULTADOS: A prevalência média da infecção por Helicobacter pylori em todos os anos de estudo foi de 50,07%. Com o cálculo das prevalências anuais, ficou evidente a redução gradual da infecção na população de Itajaí, que era de 81,3% em 1992, passando a 33% no ano de 2016. Ao classificar a prevalência da infecção por gênero, foi maior no sexo masculino (53,59%) e a distribuição dos gêneros por faixa etária não mostrou diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os sexos entre as idades de 40 a 80 anos. Em relação à faixa etária, a maior prevalência foi no grupo entre 40 e 49 anos. CONCLUSÃO: Embora este estudo seja retrospectivo e baseado em análise de banco de dados de endoscopias digestivas, sem acesso a dados clínicos de pacientes como uso prévio de nibidor de bomba de próton e antibióticos à endoscopia, seus resultados são importantes, pois podem refletir o panorama atual da infecção por Helicobacter pylori no município em estudo, que vem apresentando uma redução gradual da prevalência ao longo dos anos, com taxas atuais semelhantes às dos países desenvolvidos (33%). Estudos futuros são necessários para confirmar nossos dados.

Correlação entre a circunferência do pescoço e resistência a insulina em pacientes com DHGNA / The correlation of neck circumference and insulin resistance in nafld patients

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance, especially that induced by obesity, plays a central role in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Although the evaluation of overweight patients is important, the nutritional assessment tools used in clinical practice have limitations. Neck circumference (NC), from this, becomes a viable and low-cost alternative, which seems to be related to the accumulation of fat in the hepatic tissue. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between NC and metabolic alterations in patients with non- alcoholic fatty liver disease. METHODS: A cross-sectional study performed in 82 patients, of whom 76 underwent liver biopsy. We performed weight, height, abdominal circumference and NC measures. Values of NC ≥42 cm and ≥36 cm were considered as altered for men and women, respectively. Laboratory tests and liver biopsy result were collected in the participants' charts. We evaluated fasting blood glucose levels, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein (LDL-C), ferritin, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyltransferase, albumin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and the HOMA-IR index. RESULTS: We evaluated eighty-two patients. Patients with altered NC had increased body mass index (P=0.043), abdominal circumference (P=0.007), insulin (P=0.003) and HOMA-IR (P=0.029) when compared to those with adequate NC. NC was significantly correlated with reduced levels of high-density cholesterol (HDL-C) in men (r= -042, P<0.05), increased insulin levels in men and female (rs=0.47; P<0.05 and rs=0.51; P<0.01, respectively), as well as higher HOMA-IR index both males (rs=0.49; P<0.01) and female (rs=0.30; P<0.05). There was no significant association between NC and liver outcomes (r=0.145; P=0.36). CONCLUSION: NC is associated with the HOMA-IR index in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. NC can be used in the screening of insulin resistance in these patients, considering that insulin resistance plays a key role in the progression of the disease.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A resistência à insulina, em especial a induzida pela obesidade, desempenha papel central no desenvolvimento da doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA). Embora seja importante a avaliação de pacientes com excesso de peso, as ferramentas de avaliação nutricional utilizadas na prática clínica apresentam limitações. A circunferência do pescoço, a partir disso, torna-se uma alternativa viável e de baixo custo, a qual parece estar relacionada ao acúmulo de gordura no tecido hepático. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre a circunferência do pescoço (CP) e as alterações metabólicas em pacientes com DHGNA. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado em 82 pacientes, dos quais 76 foram submetidos à biópsia hepática. Foram realizadas as medidas de peso, altura, circunferência abdominal e CP. Valores de CP ≥42 cm e ≥36 cm foram considerados alterados para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Os exames laboratoriais e o resultado da biópsia hepática foram coletados dos prontuários dos participantes. Foram avaliados os níveis glicêmicos em jejum, insulina, hemoglobina glicosilada, triglicerídeos, colesterol total, lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL-C), lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-C), ferritina, fosfatase alcalina, gama glutamiltransferase, albumina, bilirrubina total, bilirrubina direta, transaminase glutâmico-oxalacética, transaminase glutâmico-pirúvica e o índice HOMA-IR. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 82 pacientes. Os pacientes com CP alterada apresentaram aumento do índice de massa corporal (P=0,043), circunferência abdominal (P=0,007), insulina (P=0,003) e HOMA-IR (P=0,029) quando comparados àqueles com CP adequada. A CP foi significativamente correlacionada com níveis reduzidos de colesterol de alta densidade (HDL-C) em homens (r= -042, P<0,05), aumento dos níveis de insulina em homens e mulheres (rs=0,47, P<0,05 e rs = 0,51; P<0,01, respectivamente), bem como maior índice HOMA-IR, tanto do sexo masculino (rs=0,49; P<0,01) quanto do feminino (rs=0,30; P<0,05). Não houve associação significativa entre CP e os desfechos hepáticos (r=0,145, P=0,36). CONCLUSÃO: A CP está associada com o índice HOMA-IR em pacientes com DHGNA. A CP pode ser utilizada no rastreamento da resistência à insulina nesses pacientes, considerando que a resistência à insulina desempenha um papel fundamental na progressão da doença.

Iron deficiency in South African children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Objective: Iron deficiency may play a role in the pathophysiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by causing dopamine dysfunction, but there is conflicting evidence in the literature regarding this relationship. This study investigates the possible correlation between iron deficiency and ADHD in children and adolescents attending a South African child and adolescent psychiatry outpatient service.Method: In this retrospective study, we gathered data from 245 outpatient children and adolescents who had their serum ferritin and/or iron levels tested between February 2011 and January 2016. Relevant statistical methods were used to test for correlations between ADHD and various demographic and clinical factors, including iron deficiency.Results: Out of 245 patients, 88 (35.9%) had iron deficiency, 156 (63.7%) had ADHD and 55 (22.4%) had both iron deficiency and ADHD. Variables found to be significantly correlated with ADHD included gender, age, and methylphenidate treatment, but there was no significant correlation between ADHD and iron deficiency.Conclusions: Our study emphasizes the great complexity involved in understanding ADHD. Comparisons between mentally-ill paediatric patients and matched healthy controls from the same communities are required to further explore the possible association between iron deficiency and ADHD

¿Existe alguna asociación entre la concentración de vitamina D y la ferropenia en los niños? / Is there an association between vitamin D level and iron deficiency in children?

Introducción.La vitamina D afecta la eritropoyesis.Objetivo: evaluar, en niños de 6 meses a 5 años, la asociación entre concentraciones de 25-hidroxi vitamina D (25-OHD) en la madre/niño, ferropenia y anemia ferropénica (AF). Población y métodos. Se incluyeron los niños que asistieron a la consulta entre septiembre de 2014 y enero de 2016. Se excluyeron aquellos con infección aguda/crónica, desnutrición, enfermedades crónicas y prematuros. Se realizó hemograma, hierro sérico, capacidad fijación del hierro, ferritina y 25-OHD. Se investigó suplemento con hierro y vitamina D durante lactancia y embarazo.Resultados. Se incluyeron 117 niños: 67 tenían ferropenia/AF [Grupo 1, edad (años): 2,05 ± 1,24 (0,5-5)] y 50 niños sanos [Grupo 2, edad (años): 1,87 ± 1,12 (0,58-5)]. Más niños y madres tuvieron deficiencia de vitamina D en Grupo 1 que en Grupo 2 (niños, 49,3 % vs 20 %, p = 0,002, y madres: 94 % vs 64 %; p= < 0,001, respectivamente). Hubo correlación positiva entre la hemoglobina en niños y la 25-OHD en madres/niños. Factores independientes de riesgo de AF fueron más tiempo de lactancia (OR: 0,35; IC 95 % [0,155-0,789]; p = 0,011), más breve suplementación con hierro durante la lactancia (OR: 1,69; IC 95 % [1,148-2,508]; p = 0,008) y embarazo (OR: 1,39; IC 95 % [1,070-1,820]; p = 0,014) y concentraciones < 25-OHD en madres (OR: 1,16; IC del 95 % [1,034-1,292]; p = 0,011). Conclusiones. La deficiencia de vitamina D en madres/niños está asociada con ferropenia/AFen los niños.

Introduction. Vitamin D (VitD) affects the erythropoiesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between maternal/child 25-OH VitD (25-OHD) levels and iron deficiency (ID) and anemia (IDA) in children aged 6 months-5 years. Population and methods. Between September 2014 and January 2016 children who were admitted to outpatient clinic were included to study. We excluded the children with acute or chronic infection, malnutrition, chronic disease and preterm birth history. Complete blood count, serum iron, total iron binding capacity, ferritin, 25-OHD levels were examined from children and their mothers. Iron and VitD supplementation during infancy and pregnancy and breastfeeding history were questioned.Results. The study included totally 117 children. There were 67 children with ID/IDA [Group 1, mean age (years):2.05±1.24 (0.5-5)] and 50 normal children [Group 2, mean age (years): 1.87±1.12 (0.58-5)]. There were more VitD deficient children and mothers in Group 1 than in Group 2 (respectively, children 49.3 % vs. 20 % p=0.002; mothers 94 % vs.64 %, p=<0.001). There was a positive correlation between hemoglobin levels of children and maternal/child 25-OHD. The independent risk factors for IDA in children were longer exclusively breastfeeding time (odds ratio [OR], 0.35; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.155-0.789; p=0.011), shorter duration of regular iron supplementation during infancy and pregnancy (infancy: OR,1.69; 95 % CI 1.148-2.508; p=0.008. pregnancy: OR,1.39; 95 % CI,1.070-1.820; p=0.014) and lower maternal 25-OHD level (OR,1.16; 95 % CI,1.034-1.292; p=0.011). Conclusions. Maternal/child VitD deficiency is associated with ID/IDA in children aged 6 months-5 years.

Efecto del ejercicio sobre la inflamación y ferritina sérica en pacientes con obesidad y diabetes mellitus 2 / Effect of exercise on inflammation and serum ferritin in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2) is considered a chronic inflammatory and systemic disease of low degree of intensity that promotes other pathologies such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and cognitive impairment. The relationship between inflammatory markers and insulin resistance in obese patients is known. Low-grade inflammation is an independent predictor of chronic diseases and mortality from all causes. Ferritin may be increased in DM2, but it is not clear if its cause is hyperglycemia or chronic inflammation. Objective: To evaluate the impact of a twenty-week program of exercise and diet on the markers of inflammation, metabolic control and the value of ferritin in a sample of obese patients with DM2, assisted in our National Health System. Materials and Methods: Open, controlled and randomized clinical trial in primary care patients. Of 161 patients with DM2 evaluated 35 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. They were divided into two homogeneous groups (control and intervention). Blood was taken from both groups to measure Ferritin along with other inflammatory and metabolic markers, before and after the exercise and diet program. These variables and the changes in serum Ferritin were analyzed. Results: At the beginning of the study Ferritin was elevated in 72.2% and 52.9% of the control and intervention group respectively. In the end, there was a significant difference between the groups, with benefit of the intervention group in the decrease of Interleukin-6, glycosylated hemoglobin, waist and body mass index. There was a non-significant decrease in C-reactive protein and Ferritin. This last one was not related to the other variables. The control group showed no significant decrease of any variable Conclusions: To apply a program of controlled exercise and diet, in the usual treatment of patients with DM2, improves inflammation and glucose homeostasis, discernible by the decrease in inflammatory parameters and by the improvement in the glycemic control. Serum ferritin was not useful to predict the metabolic control of these patients and assess the response to treatment.

Introducción: La diabetes mellitus 2 (DM2) es considerada una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica y sistémica de bajo grado de intensidad que promueve otras patologías. Es conocida la relación entre |inflamación e insulino resistencia en pacientes obesos, siendo un predictor independiente de morbimortalidad por todas las causas. Ferritina puede estar aumentada en la DM2, no es claro si su causa es la hiperglucemia o la inflamación crónica. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de un programa de veinte semanas de ejercicio y dieta sobre los marcadores de inflamación, control metabólico y el valor de ferritina en una muestra de pacientes con DM2 obesos. Materiales y Métodos: Ensayo clínico abierto, controlado y randomizado en pacientes del nivel primario de atención. Se evaluaron 35 pacientes con DM2 que se dividieron en dos grupos homogéneos (control e intervención). Se extrajo sangre para medir Ferritina, marcadores inflamatorios y metabólicos, antes y luego del programa de ejercicio y dieta. Analizamos los cambios de esas variables. Resultados: Ferritina estaba elevada en el 72.2% y 52.9% del grupo control e intervención respectivamente. Al final hubo una diferencia significativa entre los grupos, con beneficio del grupo intervención en el descenso de Interleucina-6, hemoglobina glicosilada, cintura e índice de masa corporal. Hubo un descenso no significativo de Ferritina y Proteína C reactiva. Ferritina no presentó relación con las demás variables. En el grupo control no hubo descenso significativo de ninguna variable. Conclusiones: Aplicar un programa de ejercicio controlado y dieta, en el tratamiento de pacientes con DM2, mejora la inflamación y la homeostasis de la glucosa, discernible por el descenso de parámetros inflamatorios y por la mejora en el control glucémico. Ferritina sérica no fue útil para predecir el control metabólico y valorar la respuesta al tratamiento.

Prognostic Impact of Iron Metabolism Changes in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome / Impacto Prognóstico das Alterações do Metabolismo do Ferro em doentes com Síndrome Coronária Aguda

Abstract Background: Iron metabolism disorders have been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. However, the prognostic impact on patients (pts) with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) has yet to be clarified. Objective: To determine the prognostic value of serum iron and ferritin levels in pts with ACS in the short and long-term. Methods: Consecutive pts admitted to a coronary care unit with a diagnosis of ACS, for a period of 2 years, were evaluated. The population was divided into tertiles of serum iron and ferritin distribution. The primary adverse events were the occurrence of in-hospital death or heart failure (HF) and death or HF at 1 year of follow-up. Results: We studied 280 pts (73% males; mean age 68 ± 13 years). The mean levels of serum iron and ferritin were 59 ± 34 mcg/dL and 205 ± 185 ng/mL, respectively. Patients included in the 1st tertile of serum iron (≤ 40 mcg/dL) had a higher rate of adverse events, in-hospital and after 1 year. Lower and higher levels of ferritin (1st and 3rd tertiles, ≤ 110; >219 ng/ml, respectively) were associated with a higher incidence of HF during hospitalization and death at 1 year. A ferritin value >316 ng /mL was an independent risk factor for death at 1 year (adjusted OR: 14; 95%CI: 2.6 to 75.9). Conclusion: In this population, iron metabolism alterations were associated with a higher rate of adverse events and higher ferritin levels constituted an independent mortality predictor in the long-term.

Resumo Fundamento: Alterações do metabolismo do ferro têm sido associadas a um aumento do risco de eventos cardiovasculares. No entanto, o impacto prognóstico em doentes (dts) com síndrome coronária aguda (SCA) encontra-se ainda pouco esclarecido. Objetivo: Determinar o valor prognóstico a curto e longo prazo dos níveis séricos do ferro e ferritina em dts com SCA. Métodos: Foram avaliados doentes consecutivos admitidos numa Unidade Coronária com o diagnóstico de SCA no período de 2 anos. A população foi agrupada segundo os tercis de distribuição de ferro e ferritina. Os eventos adversos primários foram a ocorrência de morte intrahospitalar e a 1 ano, bem como, insuficiência cardíaca (IC) intrahospitalar e a 1 ano de follow-up. Resultados: Estudaram-se 280 dts (73% sexo masculino; idade média de 68 ± 13 anos). O nível médio de ferro sérico e de ferritina foi 59 ± 34 mcg/dl e 205 ± 185 ng/ml, respetivamente. Os doentes incluídos no 1º tercil (≤ 40 mcg/dl) de ferro sérico apresentaram maior percentagem de eventos adversos intrahospitalares e a 1 ano. Níveis mais baixos e mais elevados de ferritina (1º e 3º tercil, respetivamente, ≤ 110; > 219 ng/ml) estiveram associados a uma maior ocorrência de IC em internamento e de morte a 1 ano. Um valor de ferritina > 316 ng/mL constituiu fator de risco independente de morte a 1 ano (OR ajustado 14 IC 95% 2,6-75,9). Conclusão: Nesta população alterações do metabolismo do ferro estiveram associadas a uma maior ocorrência de eventos adversos e níveis elevados de ferritina constituíram preditor independente de mortalidade a longo prazo.

Iron deficiency anaemia is a serious maternal health issue during pregnancy

Background: Anaemia is commonly found in developing countries associated with nutritional deficiencies and multiple pregnancies. Iron Deficiency Anaemia in pregnancy is a risk for preterm delivery, low birth weight babies and adverse effects on infant development. The current study investigated frequency of iron deficiency anemia and beta thalassaemia trait during antenatal check up among pregnant women visiting a tertiary care hospital in Islamabad

Objectives: To investigate iron deficiency anemia and beta thalassaemia trait among pregnant females visiting a tertiary care hospital in Islamabad

Study design, settings and duration: The retrospective comparative study was done to investigate iron deficiency anemia among pregnant females visiting a tertiary care hospital in Islamabad from May 2006 to April 2009

Subjects and Methods: The study was conducted at National Institute of Health [Department of Hematology] for Complete Blood Count and differential counts using Automated Hematology Analyzer [Sysmex KX-21]. Serum Ferritin levels were measured by Electro-chemiluminescence technique using Elcys Ferritin Kit [Roche, Germany]

Results: Among 359 subjects, 237 [66%] had iron deficiency anemia. The mean age was 27.32 +/- 4.9 years [range 18-50 years], 18 [5%] had beta thalassaemia trait and 104 [29%] had non-beta thalassaemia Trait. Forteen cases had concomitant iron deficiency anemia and beta thalassemia trait. The findings of this study indicate a relatively higher burden of iron deficiency anemia as compared to beta thalassemia trait

Conclusion: Anemia is a neglected problem which needs priority. Routine iron supplementation should be given to women of child bearing age during pregnancy and post partum. Obstetricians have an important role to aware the women of reproductive age about the iron content in a balanced diet and motivation for iron supplements

Ingesta de hierro y gen HFE en varones adultos de Buenos Aires / Iron intake and HFE gen in male adults from Buenos Aires

El consumo excesivo de hierro (Fe) en portadores de mutaciones en el gen HFE puede resultar en sobrecarga. Para evaluar el riesgo de sobrecarga de Fe fueron investigados 166 varones adultos donantes de sangre de la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Se estimó la ingesta diaria de Fe (IFe), de Fe hemínico y de Fe proveniente de harinas enriquecidas con SO4Fe. Se determinó ferritina sérica y porcentaje de saturación de transferrina (criterio de sobrecarga de Fe: ferritina sérica > 300 ng/ml y saturación de transferrina ≥ 50%). Las mutaciones C282Y, H63D y S65C fueron investigadas en sangre mediante PCR-RFLP. Todos los participantes cubrieron ampliamente el requerimiento estimado promedio de Fe (6 mg Fe/día) y 3.0% superó el máximo tolerable (45 mg Fe/día). El Fe hemínico correspondió al 9.4% de la IFe y el de harinas enriquecidas al 47.7%. Se observó una asociación entre el aumento de IFe y el de ferritina sérica (p = 0.0472), y el 2.3% de los donantes presentaron ferritina sérica > 300 ng/ml y saturación de transferrina ≥ 50%. El 29.3% de los donantes eran portadores de los genotipos H63D, S65C o C282Y, asociados a hemocromatosis hereditaria, y tenían valores de saturación de transferrina significativamente mayores a los de los donantes wild type (p = 0.0167). Si bien la incidencia clínica de hemocromatosis hereditaria fue baja en el grupo estudiado (1.2%), el consumo excesivo de Fe plantea un riesgo potencial para la salud de individuos que ignoran sus antecedentes familiares de sobrecarga de Fe.

Excess iron (Fe) intake in subjects carrying certain mutations in the HFE gene may result in Fe overload. To estimate risk of Fe overload, 166 male blood donors (19-65 years) from Buenos Aires city were investigated. Daily Fe intake (FeI), hem Fe intake, and Fe intake from SO4Fe enriched flours were estimated (SARA Computer Program and Food Composition Table, USDA). Serum ferritin and transferrin saturation were determined; criteria for Fe overload was serum ferritin > 300 ng/ml and transferrin saturation ≥ 50%. HFE genotypes C282Y, H63D and S65C were analyzed by PCR-RFLP in blood samples. No participant presented FeI lower than the estimated average requirement (6 mg Fe/day) and 3.0% was over the upper level (45 mg Fe/day). Hem Fe and Fe from flour enrichment were 9.4% and 47.7% of daily Fe intake, respectively. A significant association was observed between the increase in serum ferritin (ng/ml) and the increase in FeI (p = 0.0472); 2.3% of the donors presented serum ferritin > 300 ng/ml and transferrin saturation ≥ 50%. Genotypes associated with hereditary hemochromatosis (H63D, S65C and C282Y) were found in 29.3% of the donors. The percentage of transferrin saturation was higher in subjects carrying mutation than in wild type subjects (p = 0.0167). Although penetrance of hereditary hemochromatosis in the studied group was only 1.2%, an excessive Fe intake could enhance adverse effects in individuals unaware of any family history of Fe overload.

Association between weather seasonality and blood parameters in riverine populations of the Brazilian Amazon / Relação da sazonalidade climática com parâmetros sanguíneos de ribeirinhos residentes na Amazônia brasileira

Abstract Objective: To analyze the seasonality of blood parameters related to iron homeostasis, inflammation, and allergy in two riverine populations from the Brazilian Amazon. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 120 children and adolescents of school age, living in riverine communities of Porto Velho, Rondonia, Brazil, describing the hematocrit, hemoglobin, ferritin, serum iron, total white blood cell count, lymphocytes, eosinophils, C-reactive protein, and immunoglobulin E levels in the dry and rainy seasons. The chi-squared test and the prevalence ratio were used for the comparison of proportions and mean analysis using paired Student's t-test. Results: Hemoglobin (13.3 g/dL) and hematocrit (40.9%) showed higher average values in the dry season. Anemia prevalence was approximately 4% and 12% in the dry and rainy seasons, respectively. Serum iron was lower in the dry season, with a mean of 68.7 mcg/dL. The prevalence of iron deficiency was 25.8% in the dry season and 9.2% in the rainy season. Serum ferritin did not show abnormal values in both seasons; however, the mean values were higher in the dry season (48.5 ng/mL). The parameters of eosinophils, lymphocytes, global leukocyte count, C-reactive protein and immunoglobulin E showed no seasonal differences. C-reactive protein and immunoglobulin E showed abnormal values in approximately 7% and 60% of the examinations, respectively. Conclusion: Hematological parameters of the red cell series and blood iron homeostasis had seasonal variation, which coincided with the dry season in the region, in which an increase in atmospheric pollutants derived from fires is observed.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar a sazonalidade climática de parâmetros sanguíneos relacionados à homeostase do ferro, inflamação e alergia em duas populações ribeirinhas da Amazônia brasileira. Método: Fez-se um estudo transversal em 120 crianças e adolescentes em idade escolar, residentes em comunidades ribeirinhas de Porto Velho, Rondônia. Foram analisados hematócrito, hemoglobina, ferritina, ferro sérico, leucometria global, linfócitos, eosinófilos, proteína C-reativa e imunoglobulina E nas estações seca e chuvosa. Usaram-se o teste do qui-quadrado e a razão de prevalência para a comparação das proporções, além do teste t de Student pareado para a análise de médias. Resultados: Hemoglobina (13,3 g/dL) e hematócrito (40,9%) apresentaram maiores valores médios no período de seca. A prevalência de anemia foi de 4% e 12% na seca e na chuva, respectivamente. O ferro sérico foi menor no período de seca com média de 68,7 mcg/dL. A prevalência de deficiência de ferro foi em média 25,8% na seca e 9,2% na chuva. A concentração sérica de ferritina não apresentou valores alterados em ambos os períodos, no entanto os valores médios apresentaram-se mais elevados na seca (48,5 ng/mL). Os parâmetros dos eosinófilos, linfócitos, leucometria global, proteína C-reativa e imunoglobulina E não apresentaram diferenças sazonais. A proteína C-reativa e a imunoglobulina E apresentaram valores alterados em 7% e 60% dos exames feitos, respectivamente. Conclusão: Os parâmetros hematológicos da série vermelha e a homeostasia ferro sanguíneo apresentaram variação sazonal, que coincide com o período de seca na região, no qual se observa aumento dos poluentes atmosféricos derivados das queimadas.

Variações dos níveis de ferro e ferritina séricas em pós-operatório tardio de cirurgia de Fobi-Capella: estudo retrospectivo com 862 pacientes / Variations of seric iron and ferritin levels in late postoperative course of Fobi-Capella procedure: a retrospective study with 862 patients

Introdução: No pós-operatório de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica, o comportamento do ferro e ferritina séricos são pouco estudados. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a evolução dos níveis séricos destas variáveis no pós-operatório de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica. Método: Estudo retrospectivo incluindo pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica no período de janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2013. Foram excluídos pacientes menores de 18 anos, não submetidos à técnica do by-pass gástrico de Fobi-Capella (em Y-de-Roux) e que não possuíam exame laboratorial no acompanhamento ambulatorial. As variáveis registradas foram sexo, idade, data da cirurgia, hemoglobina, ferro e ferritina. Foram comparados resultados com três, seis e 12 meses de pós-operatório. Utilizou-se o teste T pareado para comparação das dosagens laboratoriais ao longo do tempo. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5% (p<0,05). Resultados: Foram analisados dados relativos a 862 pacientes (573 mulheres; 66,5%) com idade mediana de 36 (18-69) anos. Não houve diferença significante ao longo do tempo estudado em relação à hemoglobina (média (DP)=13,1±1,3 g/dl no 3º mês; 13,1±1,5 g/dl no 6º mês; e 13,0±2,0 g/dl no 12º mês; p>0.05). A dosagem de ferro sérico aumentou progressivamente do 3º para o 12º mês de pósoperatório (3º mês: 82,21±26,61 mcg/dl; 6º mês: 91,42±41,00 mcg/dl e 12º mês: 99,79±38,94 mcg/dl; p<0,001). Contrariamente, houve queda da ferritina sérica ao longo do período estudado (3º mês: 234,43±242,86 ng/ml; 6º mês: 208,46±246,64 ng/ml e 12º mês: 155,21±163,08 ng/ ml;p<0.01). Conclusão: Ferro e ferritina séricos têm variações opostas no pós-operatório tardio de cirurgia bariátrica. Entretanto, essas alterações em paciente recebendo atenção nutricional não foram suficientes para determinar anemia no seguimento de até 1 ano de pós-operatório.(AU)

Introduction: The seric changes of iron and ferritin in patients submitted to bariatric procedure are seldom reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the evolution of the levels of iron and ferritin during the late postoperative course of patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Method: Retrospective study including patients submitted to bariatric procedure from January 2011 to December 2013 with three months of follow-up. Age less of 18 years-old, procedure other than Fobi-Capella gastric by-pass (Roux-en-Y), previous hematological disorders, and lack of postoperative laboratorial exams were items of exclusion criteria. The following variables were collected: sex, age, date of the surgical procedure, hemoglobin, seric iron and ferritin. The data were collected at 3rd; 6th; and 12th postoperative month. Paired T test were used to compare the evolution of the dosages. A 5% level of significance (p<0.05) was established. Results: We analyzed the data of 862 patients ((573 females; 66.5%) with a median age of 36 (18-69) years-old. There was no difference on the hemoglobin levels along the three-time points (mean (SD)=13.1±1.3 g/dl at 3rd month; 13.1±1.5 g/dl at 6th month; and 13.0±2.0 g/dl at 12th month; p>0.05). The seric iron significantly increased from 3rd to 12th postoperative month (3rd month: 82.21±26.61 mcg/dl; 6th month: 91.42±41.00 mcg/dl and 12th month: 99,79±38,94 mcg/dl; p<0,001). Conversely, there was a fall of the seric ferritin along the study (3rd month: 234.43±242.86 ng/ml; 6th month: 208.46±246.64 ng/ml and 12th month: 155.21±163.08 ng/ml; p<0.01). Conclusion: Serum iron and ferritin have opposite variation during late postoperative of bariatric surgery. However, these alterations in patients receiving nutritional attention were not sufficient to promote anemia in the follow-up of at least one year postoperatively.(AU)

Neuropsychomotor development and genomic stability associated to folate and blood iron levels in preschool children / Desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor e estabilidade genômica associados aos níveis de folato e ferro sanguíneos de pré-escolares

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the neuropsychomotor development and the genomic stability associated to folate and blood iron levels in preschool children. Methods: a cross-sectional study in which evaluated the biochemical exams (complete hemogram, serum ferritin, iron and folate), neuropsychomotor development (Denver II Test) and genotoxicity (micronuclei cytome in buccal mucosa cells) of 55 children aging 36-59 months old. Student´s T test, Kruskal-Wallis and Pearson's or Spearman's correlation tests were applied with a significance level of p<0.05 for data analysis. Results: the prevalence of anemia was 1.8%. The Denver II test classified 32.7% of the children as normal and 67.3% were suspected of having a delay. The children suspected of having a delay presented a slight reduction on hemoglobin and hematocrit (p=0.05 and p=0.14), intermediate reduction on iron and folate (p=0.29 and p=0.23) and a notable reduction on ferritin (p=0.03). Folate and iron were significantly associated to the frequency of cells with DNA damages (p<0.05). The frequency of binucleated cells was positively associated to the Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) (r=0.56; p=0.02) in children without a delay and negatively with folate (r=-0.334; p=0.047) in children with a delay. Conclusions: this study showed a low prevalence of anemia, but a high rate of children suspected of having a neuropsychomotor, possibly associated to low ferritin levels. Additionally, iron and folate were associated to DNA damage which may have contributed to the psychomotor development delay.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar o desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor e a estabilidade genômica associados ao folato e ferro sanguíneos em pré-escolares. Métodos: estudo transversal, no qual avaliou-se exames bioquímicos (hemograma completo, ferritina sérica, ferro e folato), desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor (Teste Denver II) e genotoxicidade (citoma de micronúcleos em células bucais esfoliadas) de 55 crianças com 36-59 meses de idade. Para a análise dos dados, empregou-se os testes T de Student, Kruskal-Wallis e correlação de Pearson ou Spearman, com nível de significância de p<0,05. Resultados: a prevalência de anemia foi de 1,8%. Pelo teste de Denver II foram classificadas 32,7% das crianças como normais e 67,3% como suspeita de atraso. As crianças com suspeita de atraso apresentaram pequena redução no hematócrito e hemoglobina (p=0,05 e p=0,14), redução intermediária de ferro e folato (p=0,29 e p=0,23) e redução marcante de ferritina (p=0,03). Ferro e folato associaram-se significativamente com a frequência de células com lesões no DNA (p<0,05). A frequência de células binucleadas associou-se positivamente com Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) (r=0,56; p=0,02), nas crianças sem atraso e negativamente com folato (r=-0,33; p=0,05), nas crianças com atraso. Conclusões: este estudo mostrou baixa prevalência de anemia, mas elevada taxa de crianças com suspeita de atraso neuropsicomotor, possivelmente associada com baixos níveis de ferritina. Ademais, observou-se associação entre ferro e folato com dano no DNA, o que pode ter contribuído para o atraso neuropsicomotor.